GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu

Synonym: Copper Tripeptide-1, Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper Complex

CAS Number: 49557-75-7

Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₂₄CuN₆O₄

Molecular Weight: 400.93 g/mol

Structure: Naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide complex consisting of glycine, histidine, lysine, and a copper (II) ion

Overview

GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide-1) is a naturally occurring copper-binding peptide originally identified in human plasma. The molecule consists of the tripeptide sequence glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) complexed with a copper ion, forming a biologically active signaling peptide involved in numerous cellular processes.

Due to its ability to bind and transport copper, GHK-Cu has been extensively studied for its role in cellular signaling, extracellular matrix regulation, tissue remodeling, and skin biology.

Mechanism of Action

GHK-Cu functions as a signaling peptide that influences multiple biological pathways:

• Copper Transport
  • Facilitates delivery of biologically active copper ions to tissues
  • Supports copper-dependent enzymatic processes
• Gene Expression Modulation
  • Influences expression of genes associated with cellular maintenance and repair
  • Regulates pathways involved in extracellular matrix turnover
• Extracellular Matrix Activity
  • Associated with collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan-related signaling
  • Influences fibroblast activity and connective tissue dynamics
• Antioxidant Pathways
  • Supports copper-dependent antioxidant enzyme systems
  • Participates in cellular responses to oxidative stress

The peptide acts through broad signaling mechanisms rather than direct activation of a single receptor system.

Pharmacokinetic Characteristics

• Naturally present in human plasma, saliva, and urine
• High affinity for copper ions
• Readily interacts with extracellular proteins and tissues
• Metabolized through normal peptide degradation pathways

Structural Characteristics

GHK-Cu consists of:

• Glycine
• Histidine
• Lysine
• Copper (II) ion

Key structural features include:

• Strong copper-binding capability
• Small molecular size enabling tissue penetration
• High biological stability when complexed with copper
• Naturally occurring peptide sequence found in human physiology

Research Applications

GHK-Cu is commonly studied in research involving:

• Skin biology and dermal signaling
• Extracellular matrix regulation
• Collagen and elastin-related pathways
• Copper-dependent cellular processes
• Tissue remodeling mechanisms
• Cellular signaling and gene expression

It remains an important research tool for investigating the relationship between peptide signaling, connective tissue biology, and copper-mediated cellular functions.

Handling & Stability

• Typically supplied as a lyophilized powder
• Requires reconstitution with a suitable sterile solvent prior to use
• Store at -20°C or below for long-term stability
• Protect from excessive heat, moisture, and prolonged light exposure
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles

Note

This material is intended for laboratory research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.